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JRCERT Update

The innovation System antecedents for innovation System readiness
• Relative advantage Structure Absorptive capacity for new knowledge Receptive context for change for innovation
• Compatibility • Size and maturity • Preexisting knowledge and skills base. • Leadership and vision • Tension for change
• Low complexity • Formalization • Ability to nd, interpret, and integrate • Good managerial relations • Innovation-system t
• Trialability • Di erentiation new knowledge. • Risk-taking climate • Power balances
• Observability • Dentralization • Enablement of knowledgement of sharing • Clear goals and priorities (supporters vs opponents)
• Potential for reinvention • Slack resources via internal and external networks. • High-quality data capture • Assessment of implications
• Fuzzy boundries • Dedicated time
• Risk and resources
• Task issues • Monitoring and feedback
• Nature of knowledge
required (tacit, explicit) User system
• Technical Support Resource system Linkage Adopter
System antecedents • Needs
Communication The Innovation • Motivation
• Values and goals
and in uence • Skills
Di usion Knowledge Di usion System readiness • Learning style
(informal, unplanned) purveyors • Social networks
Social networks Dissemination Assimilation
Homophily Adoption/assimilation
Peer opinion • Complex, nonlinear process
Marketing Change agency Linkage • Soft periphery elements
Expert opinion
Champions Implementation
Boundary spanners Implementation
Change agents process
• Decision making devolved
Dissemination Outer context Consequences to frontline teams
(formal, planned) • Hands-on approach by
leaders and managers
• Human resource issues,
Outer context Linkage especially training
• Dedicated resources
• Sociopolitical climate Design stage Implementation stage • Internal communication
• Incentives and mandates • Shared meanings and mission • Communication and information • External collaboration
• Interoganizational norm • E ective knowledge transfer • User orientation • Reinvention development
setting and networks • User involvement in speci cation • Product augmentation (eg, technical help) • Feedback on progress
• Environment stability • Capture of user-led innovation • Project managment support
Figure 1. Diffusion of innovation vs the dissemination of innovation. Figure courtesy of the authors.

comfortable with uncertainty. Early adopters often augment image interpretation, optimize prioritization
represent key opinion leaders and are comfortable with of worklists, and enhance scheduling practices, or it can
adopting new ideas. The early majority often need to be seen as potential threat to future livelihood and job
see evidence that an innovation works and is superior to security. In both cases, individuals have been exposed
the status quo before adoption occurs. The late major- to a new technology (knowledge), formed a positive
ity are often skeptical of change and often wait until the or negative view (persuasion), and moved toward a
majority are using the innovation successfully. Laggards stance to reject or adopt the technology (decision). If a
are typically the hardest group to convince to adopt group decides to increase its exposure to artificial intel-
change, often requiring statistics and peer and manage- ligence, a considerable amount of time must be spent
rial influence. in these 3 phases with the radiologists. Understanding
As a technology-centered field, radiology often is at who in the group is an innovator or early adopter, as
the forefront of the adoption of new technologies. At the these individuals will be champions for the change,
center of this discussion today is the implementation of and who in the group will be a late adopter or laggard,
artificial intelligence into the radiologist workflow. An as these individuals will need more information and
individual radiologist can look at artificial intelligence observable points of reference, is important. The social
in 2 different ways. It can be seen as technology that can network is likely the most important aspect of diffusing

RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY, January/February 2024, Volume 95, Number 3 231
Reprinted with permission from the American Society of Radiologic Technologists for educational purposes. ©2023. All rights reserved.